Code of Professional Conduct for Lawyers in Australia

Question: Examine about the Code of Professional Conduct for Lawyers in Australia. Answer: Presentation The report targets contriving a progression of inquiries addresses which could help in understanding the effect of the moral and expert conduct on the lawful condition. The report additionally requires to direct research of the expert body and the legal advisors in Australia The report would help in understanding the issues related with the legitimate perspectives in the nation. The primary point is to see how they oversee and police their codes so as to kill the issues. The meeting is to be directed based on the inquiries being detailed. The conduction of meeting would help in getting valuable and important data identified with the expert direct in the lawful calling as followed by the expert bodies and legal counselors in Australia. Report on the exploration for the expert body Presentation Law Council of Australia is an expert body that manages and oversees the expert set of accepted rules and rules for the Australian legitimate calling, which is required to be followed in the law social orders and bar relationship of the states and regions across Australia (Curran et al, 2014). The report targets formulating a progression of inquiries addresses which could help in understanding the effect of the moral and expert conduct on the lawful condition. The up close and personal meeting is led on the individuals from the body. The report requires to direct research of the Law Council of Australia identified with the law part in Australia. This exploration would help in understanding the issues related with the lawful angles in the nation. The principle point is to see how they oversee and police their codes so as to annihilate the issues. The meeting is to be directed based on the inquiries being figured so as to get the valuable and applicable data identified with the morals in the calling as followed by the expert body in Australia. Inquiries questions 1: What are the issues looked by the body while working in the nursing part? The Law Council of Australia needs to continually manage the circumstances that bargain the standards and guidelines in the law area (Harris Hargovan, 2016). The administrative body likewise needs to determine the lawful isssues so as to shield the commitments and moral standards. In addition, the body additionally needs to direct the activities to be followed in the law part and check if the expert lead is actualized in each state and region across Australia. The different issues which the chamber needs to unravel is the repercussions of the powerlessness of the attorneys to determine the issues of their particular customers, serious cases, contest in the equity, and lawful issues related toi the formal and casual administration of circumstances. 2: How would you oversee and police their code? Law Council of Australia helps in building up a solitary and uniform arrangement of rules which each state and domain in Australia need to follow (Campbell Lindsay, 2014). These arrangement of rules oversees the moral and proifessional lead of the attorneys rehearsing all over Australia. The guidelines are first discharged as discussion drafts which the board cautiously considers and chooses executing the equivalent openly. The most widely recognized legitimate issues requiring lawful assent are the misrepresentation or trickiness cases, carelessness in the piece of people, medication or liquor misuse, conviction of a criminal offense and oppressive conduct. 3: How would they speak with the individuals? The Law Council of Australia contains the association structure that is followed in the law calling. The board contains councils who are answerable for building up the principles and guidelines identified with the law part. These arrangement of rules oversees the moral and proifessional lead of the legal counselors rehearsing all over Australia. The guidelines are first discharged as meeting drafts which the gathering cautiously considers with the assistance of Professional Ethics Committee (Zander, 2015). The endorsement of the guidelines are then affirmed by the State Government for the state and regions in Australi to follow. 4: Legal implications if the code is penetrated? The Law Council of Australia is answerable for making the Administrative disciplinary activities for the ordinary citizens including legal counselors who don't appropriately follow morals in the workplace. This exploitative direct may prompt involve severe activities under the Administrative law activities (Curran et al., 2014). On the off chance that the board forces a discipline on the legal counselors, the disciplinary moves to be made can be at least one of the accompanying: Suspension of the permit of the legal advisors Repudiation of the permit Censure letter to be distributed in the reports of the board Advice letter in the record of the legal counselors Fine burden Probation for proceeding with the training End The report bargains in directing examination of the expert body identified with the law part in Australia so as to comprehend the issues identified with the calling in the nation. The administrative bodies including Law Council of Australia are repsonsible for ensnaring the guidelines and guidelines in the nation with the end goal that to keep up the norms of the law practice. The meeting is to be directed based on the inquiries being figured so as to get the valuable and applicable data identified with the morals in the calling as adhered to by the legal counselors and law administering bodies in Australia. Report for the meeting with an expert Presentation Attorneys are the experts who are answerable for leading the expert morals and keeping up gauges identified with the law part, inside the workplace and practically speaking (Heineman et al, 2014). The fundamental target of the report is to devise a progression of inquiries so as to see how the morals and expert conduct impacts on the genuine work life condition of the legal advisors in Australia. The meeting is led on the legal advisors vis-à-vis. The report additionally requires directing exploration of the nursing area in Australia so as to comprehend the issues that the legal advisors need to look in the nation. The primary point is to see how they deal with their codes so as to kill the issues. The meeting is to be directed based on the inquiries being planned so as to get the helpful and important data identified with the morals in the calling as followed by the legal advisors in Australia. Inquiries questions 1: How mindful would you say you are of the codes as administered by your expert bodies? The legal advisors know about the way that their set of principles in the training is liable for building and keeping up open trust in the calling. The attorneys are experts and know about the endeavor qualities that are inside their extent of training. This mindfulness help the legal counselors to pick up information about the morals and expert set of accepted rules help them in keeping up the guidelines of their calling to such an extent that to bring credit upon the notoriety of the equivalent over the long haul (Freedman, 2012). 2: What is the impact of the codes on their conduct? The effect of the expert set of principles in the conduct of the legal counselors is to such an extent that they keep up ability inside their cooperation in the calling. This upkeep of fitness inside their calling encourages them in keeping up and redesigning their aptitudes and information pertinent to the training in the expert settings (Pepper, 2015). 3: What can the results in their vocation on the off chance that you break either your expert bodys code or the associations code/s? The Law Council of Australia is answerable for making the Administrative disciplinary activities for the legal advisors which if not appropriately followed in the workplace may prompt involve severe activities under the Administrative law activities (Curran et al., 2014). The legal advisors know about the way that they being exposed to the accompanying ramifications in the event that they are found to penetrate certain principles or code of morals: The legal advisors are at risk to be suspended and their licenses to be evocated Fine could be forced on them They could be ended from directing the training later on End The report bargains in directing exploration on the practices identified with the law area in Australia so as to comprehend the issues identified with the legal advisors in the nation. The report targets seeing how they oversee and follow the expert codes so as to destroy the issues. There are sure lawful perspectives and gauges which the legal advisors ought to know about with the end goal that to offer standard types of assistance later on. The meeting is to be directed based on the inquiries being detailed so as to get the valuable and significant data identified with the morals in the calling as followed by the attorneys in Australia. Reflections on the similitudes and contrasts in desires Similitudes From the investigation of the meeting being led on the expert body and the individual legal counselors working in the segment, it very well may be clear that code of expert lead and morals is the significant connection between both the gatherings which the gatherings maintain, while working in the workplace. There are sure principles which both the gatherings need to execute so as to get quality results of the law calling. Both the gatherings give same adherence to the codes and direct that is required to be kept up in the workplace. In addition, the support of capability remembers the investment for the instruction identified with the continuous calling to such an extent that to keep up and overhaul suitable abilities and information related with the law rehearses. Additionally, they are likewise mindful of the endeavor exercises, extent of training, information, competency, and legal position identified with the current prac

The Market Coverage Strategies

Presentation While organization has separated a few market division. Organization need to choose an appropriate and beneficial section to enter it. Yet, how organization distinguish which portion is generally important to itself and good with its present asset and offices. In this way, organization may utilize showcase inclusion systems to tackle this issue and decision the best portion to enter it. Market inclusion key is a technique that helps in assessing the different sections of the commercial center and choosing which portion to cover in the showcasing of a specific product.BODY There are 3 kinds of general market inclusion systems which will commonly received by advertiser. There are undifferentiated promoting, separated showcasing, and concentrated advertising. For undifferentiated advertising, is a market inclusion procedure whereby organization utilizing single item to assault entire market without concern contrasts inside market. Undifferentiated showcasing get to mass con veyance and mass publicizing, which meaning to give the item a predominant picture in the brains of consumers.It helps in cost sparing as single creation line, stocked, disseminated, and promoted. So with regards to statistical surveying and item the executives, costs as a rule to be lower as just centering single item. For instance, Nestle organization produce MILO to assault to entire market without separate market division. This is a milk refreshment with chocolate and malt, it has effectively pull in wide portion of market likes youngsters, adolescent, grown-up and even old society. MILO has become some portion of every day important of consumer.For separated promoting, this is multi-section advertising which showcase inclusion system while an organization assault to at least two market fragment by selling item and remarkable advertising methodology which custom fitted to each unique fragment. It would help organization to acquire income from various market portion whereby assau lting each and every market section. Be that as it may, it likewise builds the expenses of creation, stocked, appropriated, promote, statistical surveying and item management.For model, Mc-Donald, it offers different kind of burger to target diverse sort of market section, for example, fish burger, chicken burger, and meat burger and cheerful feast (target youngsters). In this way, client will feel organization ready to serve what they need and other elective decision even their taste change. Other than that, Mc Donald additionally offers seared chicken to fulfill those clients who has exhausted with burger. Along these lines, by focusing on various sort of market sections, it makes Mc Donald turns out to be effectively in the cheap food industry.For concentrated promoting, it is one of the market division which organization produce item to showcase for an all around characterized, explicit fragment of the shopper populace. This promoting system is exceptionally centering to the req uirements of that particular market section. This procedure is especially successful for certain organization. As restricted assets, it empowers the organization to accomplish a solid market position and becomes master in the particular market section. Amassed system helps in controlling expense successfully while staying away from large scale manufacturing, mass dissemination and mass advertising.So, organization may utilize the reserve from these viewpoints to contribute R&D for its item improvement which will help organization to support over the long haul business inside the particular business. For instance, ROLEX Company which produces extravagance watches to explicit market fragment, it has made the marked and extravagance picture to client and exceptionally concentrating on the specialized piece of watches work advancement. ROLEX just focusing to higher-salary client section, it makes higher overall revenue also in spite of the fact that the piece of the pie is small.Whe n organization has comprehended around 3 sorts of general market inclusion techniques, organization should just pick one methodology out of these 3 because of asset constrained and chance concerns. In this way, what are the components should be considered between organization status and technique so as to guarantee organization will pick the best market inclusion procedure. The components should be considered are organization assets, item changeability, product’s stage in the existence cycle, showcase inconstancy, and competitor’s promoting methodologies. Right off the bat, organization asset is significant in picking whether the organization ought to go for undifferentiated, separate and concentrated.As these 3 methodologies are requiring diverse degree of assets to organization, it expected to perfect with organization current asset accessibility. For instance, another market contestant for the most part has restricted asset and cash-flow to contribute its item to ta ilor with each unique client section. So it may pick undifferentiated advertising in the early time of business to accomplish economies of scale for cost sparing and stay away from chance and, as separated and focused techniques require more asset and cash-flow to contribute on it.Secondly, Product inconstancy, organization need to think about its item variability while settling on choice to showcase inclusion system. In the event that the item variability is low, it may be hard to utilize separated advertising technique for the organization. In this way, it just goes for either undifferentiated showcasing or concentrated advertising, as these two methodologies concentrating on single item creating to fulfill the market. For instance, SUNKIST Company is utilizing undifferentiated advertising procedure to focus on its market segment.The reason is on the grounds that the result of SUNKIST is orange and it has restricted the inconstancy to target distinctive market division. Along thes e lines, separated showcasing technique isn't suitable for this situation. Thirdly, Product stage in the existence cycle, organization may apply diverse market inclusion system while various phases of life cycle. At the point when the item under phase of â€Å"introduction† in the item life cycle, it ought to apply undifferentiated showcasing or concentrated promoting as opposed to utilizing separated marketing.It is on the grounds that when item under this stage, there are heaps of unanticipated hazard along the time. Organization should more center the significant client and rather concentrate entire client portion as it will be exorbitant. For instance, Old Chang Kee began its business with selling high quality curry puff to client at the beginning period of business. At the point when its business has gotten, it began enhance its item to serve assortment client fragment by presenting new item enjoys sotong ball, chicken wing and up to 28 kinds of products.Fourthly, Market inconstancy, when the hour of market variability is high, it will influence the market inclusion methodology to apply. These item generally acclaimed and decay by client in an extremely shy of time because of the pattern. In this way, separated showcasing technique probably won't be appropriate for these item, organization would not be advantage to focus on all section of client and item life cycle is excessively short. For instance, toy likes YOYO and TRANSFORMER become well known and high requested by client as the design and film affection.So, organization ought not make a difference separated showcasing and concentrated advertising as it is no value to contribute to the item which item life cycle is excessively short. Ultimately, competitor’s promoting systems, organization ought to consider different contenders procedures moves before decide advertise inclusion techniques. It is too dangerous to even think about having same techniques with own rivals and piece of the ov erall industry likewise will be decreased. Organization should search for the idle market and appreciate the higher overall revenue. For instance, HERMES sack is focusing on extravagance showcase by utilizing concentrated marketing.It assists with making higher net revenue from this particular market rather focusing on mass market portion as there are an excessive number of contenders inside the business. End Company ought to comprehend which showcase inclusion methodologies suitable to apply. It identified with organization item and future focusing on client section. Simultaneously, Company need to contrast and own present asset, smaller scale and large scale condition. Since these variables will influence the assurance of market inclusion systems and furthermore will chooses the benefit of the item in the business.

Van Halen 3 by Van Halen free essay sample

Van Halen 3 Album Review Van Halen 3 is likely the most misjudged and misconstrued collection of the Van Halen arrangement. The whole collection had it’s own character among everything else Van Halen has ever made. This was made at once in which Eddie Van Halen was out among different groups helping them on different tunes in their own collections, for example, Rich Wyman’s â€Å"Fatherless Child† collection and the â€Å"Legend of 1900† film soundtrack collection. Eddie said he needed to make changes to the gathering, to be more not the same as they as of now are. Gary Cherone’s passage to the band switched things up, yet didn't finish Eddie’s vision of progress. This collection nearly appears as though he went nearly into a stickler mode while making the collection, and it was an odd inclination, yet in addition sort of fun. The collection begins with the tune â€Å"Neworld†. With it’s wonderful acoustic feel, this instrumental melody sets the state of mind toward the start of the collection. We will compose a custom exposition test on Van Halen 3 by Van Halen or then again any comparative theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page This is, shockingly, the first historically speaking melody that Eddie hadn’t played piano for a Van Halen tune. The piano was really played by Mike Post, the proprietor of the studio where they recorded the tune. The melody itself is exceptionally short, at just 1:46. â€Å"Without You† was composed and recorded in one interpretation of the day Eddie and Gary met. The verses of the tune are dependent on verse that Gary carried with him to go meet Eddie just because. He thought that it was fascinating and chose to make it into a tune. As I would like to think this melody is the one that the band performed best when live. The third melody on the collection is very one of a kind, and is called â€Å"One I Want†. On the off chance that you’ve ever tuned in to the tune â€Å"Dreams† (likewise by Van Halen), when the console of that melody is played on a guitar, it is practically indistinguishable from the guitar line of â€Å"One I Want†. The fourth melody â€Å"From Afar† was Gary Cherone’s endeavor to disconnect himself from the past vocalists that were a piece of Van Halen. The verses were very not the same as anything Roth or Hagar would have composed. â€Å"Dirty Water Dog† was really named after an odd propensity that the band got into, which is proceeding to purchase water previously bubbled: â€Å"Dirty Water Dogging†. Eddie does I decent occupation of keeping flawlessly on beat all through the melody.

Internet Addiction for Teenagers

Internet Addiction for Teenagers: Online Problem for Parents Topic: Internet Addiction for Teenagers Driving Question What role the internet plays today in teenagers life and what impact it has Audience Teenagers and their parents

Dna Structure Of A Genetic Order - 2756 Words

Part 1 DNA is an element that influence in a genetic order used in the progress and working of all known living creatures and many viruses. DNA form together with proteins and fibres to establishes the three main macromolecules essential for all recognized forms of life. (Arabslab.com) DNA structure is consisted in two form of the helix, this helix as formed in some base pairs with connected to sugar phosphate backbone. This structure of DNA usually build four types of nitrogen bases, e.g. the adenine (A), thymine (T), guanine (G) and cytosine (C). The DNA double helix structure have a similarity of a ladder, the phosphate and sugar molecules would be the sides, while the bases would be the rungs. In the progress of the bases one strand pair can connect with the centers on another strand, e.g. the adenine pairs with thymine, and guanine pairs with cytosine. (Diagrampic.com (2015) DNA Diagram) The genetic code is the varieties of the rules involves in an important information’s in encoded of the genetic material, e.g. the DNA and the RNA sequences, this process will be translated into the proteins with can lead the living cells. The A, T, G, and C are the symbols of the DNA code and characterise the chemicals adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, individually. Usually the DNA have a connectivity with the ribosome, which is incorporated with amino acids, this order can specified by mRNA and used this transfer of RNA (tRNA) molecules to transmit amino acids andShow MoreRelatedWhat Had Watson And Crick Discovered? Clues From The Diary1743 Words   |  7 Pagesdeoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA. The clues from the diary are: â€Å"Even us lab boys knew that there had been gossip going around the labs that Crick and Watson had been trying to solve the structure of this new-fangled molecule called DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid – but discovering the secret of life itself?† 2. Explain why Crick mentioned that he had â€Å"discovered the secret of life† Crick believed he discovered the â€Å"secret of life† because of the unique and complex structure of DNA, and Crick believed andRead MoreThe Role Of Chromatin Structure Within The Development Of Multicellular Organisms1359 Words   |  6 Pageschromatin structure in the development of multicellular organisms The structure of the genetic material of multicellular organisms is a key factor in their physical and evolutionary development. The chromatin structure allows multicellular organisms to develop many consequential characteristics that allow them to grow and specialize in several processes that set them apart from single celled organisms. How can it be that something as small and seemingly uninvolved as chromatin structure can haveRead MoreEvolution Of The Human Genome Project1273 Words   |  6 Pages This is because they are genetically inherited by certain parts of one’s DNA. DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid, and is inherited from the parents of a person. These strands, found within the nucleus of all cells, determine the appearance and genetic structure of a person. Through one’s DNA, there may be diseases inherited from the parents, such as sickle cell anemia, Gaucher’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. In order to heal and fix patients, doctors n eeded to learn more about the Human GenomeRead MoreJames Watson and his Contributions DNA and Genetics946 Words   |  4 PagesJames Watson was born on April 6, 1928 in Chicago Illinois. He was a very gifted and bright child. He is most known for his contributions to DNA and Genetics along with his co-worker Francis Crick. Watson received his B.S. at the University of Chicago and received a Ph.D. from Indiana University. Watson also worked at the University of Cambridges Cavendish Laboratory in England. This was where he first met Francis Crick. (Bagley). As a child, his favorite question was â€Å"why?† and simple answers didRead MoreInvestigating And Extract Chromatin From Plant And Animal Tissues1709 Words   |  7 Pagesthat makes up the chromosomes and is comprised of DNA and histone proteins. Histones, which are small proteins that encompass a large amount of the basic amino acids, enable negatively charged DNA molecules to be bound. 1 Found within eukaryotic cells’ nucleuses, histones serve to bundle DNA into nucleosomes. They make up a great deal of the components within a cell nucleus, and assist in regulating genes as DNA encompasses them. 2 In addition to DNA and histone proteins, chromatin is also made upRead MoreThe Human Genome Project Research1422 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper Research Leading Up to the Human Genome Project Many genetic studies leading up to the start of the human genome project include some of the first research done on the structure of human DNA: In 1952, Rosalind Franklin created Photograph 51 using X-ray crystallography: the first evidence of DNA’s helical structure. Using this evidence, in 1953, James Watson and Francis Crick were the first to model the true structure of DNA as a double helix with sugars and phosphates forming the backboneRead MoreCharles Crick And James Watson1122 Words   |  5 Pagesdevelopment on the anatomy of DNA, the foundation for modern day knowledge on genetics and inheritance would have never existed. Francis Crick and James Watson were two scientists who discovered and deciphered the structure and different parts of DNA. Subsequently, if they never conceived the whole idea of a human genome, the entire maintenance of life’s code would remain a mystery. Throughout the race where the men were aiming to be the first ones to unscramble the DN A code, Crick and Francis encounteredRead More DNA Interactions Between Proteins Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesDNA: Interactions between Proteins Deoxyribonucleic Acid is a molecule that contains the genetic makeup of almost all living organisms. While Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA, has been successfully mapped out, many of its interactions with certain proteins and enzymes have not been fully revealed within the atomic level. The history and mysteries of DNA continue to fascinate biologists and chemists alike. However, we must question, who was the first to discover DNA, and what scientists have doneRead MoreTaking a Look at DNA1746 Words   |  7 Pages DNA is one of the many things that make up your body. Today, most people know that it carries each person’s unique genetic code. People also know that it has a double helix structure. However, do you know what it’s made up of?  ¬Many people do not know much about DNA. There are many ways that DNA is helpful to the world. It helps us understand from heredity of diseases and how to find a killer who committed a crime. Many people even use DNA for genetic engineering so that they can create an organismRead MoreThe Discovery In 1953 Of The Double Helix, The Twisted-Ladder1608 Words   |  7 Pagestwisted-ladder structure of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), by James Watson and Francis Crick marked a milestone in the history of science and gave rise to modern molecular biology, which is largely concerned with understanding how genes control the chemical processes within cells. In short order, their discovery yielded ground-breaking insights into the genetic code and protein s ynthesis. During the 1970s and 1980s, it helped to produce new and powerful scientific techniques, specifically recombinant DNA research

Symbolism In 1984 By George Orwell - 1136 Words

The lyrics of Radiohead’s 2003 single, â€Å"2+2=5† refer to both 1984 by George Orwell and the administration of President George W. Bush. In the three distinct sections of the song, we hear about a character who chooses to live in ignorance, then becomes aware of the evils of his society. In the final segment of the song, the character struggles after learning about the truth, much like Winston Smith did in Orwell’s novel. The music was written and released during the presidency of George W. Bush, whose public reputation had shifted from negative to positive in the years following his controversial election in 2000. The songwriters suggest that, just as citizens of Oceania were trained to forget about history in order to maintain their†¦show more content†¦The song’s character is just a member of the majority, even if the songwriters condemn his way of thinking. The criticism of the average citizen becomes much clearer during the second sec tion of the song. Immediately after the end of the second verse, the meter of the song shifts from the unconventional 7/8 time to 4/4, common time, adding an eighth note to each measure. By doing this, Radiohead are implying that the ideas stated earlier omit significant details in order to appear logical, and that these new thoughts will be based off of the complete truth. A new speaker prefaces the second segment by warning that â€Å"there is no way out,† implying that what the listener is about to hear will not be forgotten. Then, he repeatedly speaks the line, â€Å"you have not been paying attention.† This is precisely the case with the first speaker and many citizens of Oceania; they ignore reality in order to match what they perceive the world to be. When a character in 1984 disappears, it only takes a couple of days before he is retconned from history: â€Å"Syme had vanished. A morning came, and he was missing from work: a few thoughtless people comment ed on his absence. On the next day nobody mentioned him† (171). The reason thatShow MoreRelatedSymbolism In George Orwells 19841349 Words   |  6 Pages Symbolism in 1984 Literary concepts are often used in books to make the reading experience more enjoyable. In George Orwell’s 1984, Orwell uses a key literary element, symbolism, to do this. Orwell does this in a unique way. He makes the reader want to think one way, when the reality is far different. This causes the reader to be surprised when the truth of the matter is revealed. He is able to do this by having certain objects represent one thing, and then later reveal it is something far differentRead MoreAnalysis Of 1984 By George Orwell954 Words   |  4 PagesSophie Moore Mrs. N. Finley E209R3 – 1984 literary analysis 27 January 2015 Symbolism throughout 1984 The novel 1984 is a futuristic totalitarian society where everyone is kept under close surveillance and is forced to follow all rules and laws of the state. The novel 1984 was written by George Orwell and published in 1950. The main characters were Big Brother, Winston Smith, Julia, O’Brien, Syme and Emmanuel Goldstein. Winston Smith is a low man on the totem pole when it came to the ruling PartyRead MoreConsider how the natural development of narrative techniques in George Orwell’s 1984 creates a600 Words   |  3 Pagestechniques in George Orwell’s 1984 creates a theme of individualism verses state. What was the point in writing such an obvious theme, since a dystopia is the prime example of an imperfect world? He uses extremely well-developed techniques to demonstrate the dystopian society. Specifically, Orwell uses symbols as well as the setting to thoroughly contribute to the idea of a totalitarian state in his dystopian society; the ideas are in symbolic o bjects, themes, and characters. Orwell clearly suggestsRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell944 Words   |  4 Pageslegs(Orwell 132). He carried a whip in his trotter(Orwell 133). In the novel Animal Farm by George Orwell, animals have the ability to talk and form their own ethos, Animalism. Animal Farm is an intriguing allegory by George Orwell, who is also the author of 1984, includes many enjoyable elements. More knowledge of the author, his use of allegorical elements, themes, symbols, and the significance in the real world, allows the reader to get more out of this glance into the future. George OrwellRead MoreGeorge Orwell s 1984 ( 1949 )1265 Words   |  6 Pages Power alone can be a dangerous machine when put into the wrong hands. In George Orwell’s novel 1984 (1949), he painted a dark image of the Oceania government’s abuse of political power that destroyed the very fabric of life for many of its society members. Evidence of this destruction is seen through the eyes of the main protagonist, 39-year-old, Winston Smith. The novel is set in Air Strip One, based in London. Although 85 percent of Oceania’s population was made up of proletarians who seemedRead More George Orwells Symbolism and Derivation for Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984)905 Words   |  4 PagesGeorge Orwells Symbolism and Derivation for 1984 George Orwells 1984 had a profound effect upon the way people thought during the mid 20th century. The book signified Orwells most complex novel which told the story of Arthur Koestler and the countless others who suffered because of the totalitarian governments in Eastern Europe (Meyers 114). When 1984 was published in 1949, the Cold War had just begun. The novels ending was pessimistic and thus seemed as an attack on communism. TheRead MoreThe Problem Of Self-Expression In 1984 By George Orwell848 Words   |  4 Pagesconscious (Orwell70). In George Orwells 1984 he shows the authority a government can have on ones life even when all they want is self-expression. Many are too frightened to rebel, yet when one does it impacts his life forever. Even though the society of 1984 by George Orwell claims to be complete and total censorship, the problem of wanting more self-expression is still evident which is shown through indirect characterization, symbolism, and themes. George Orwell 1984 utilizes components of indirectRead MoreThe Dangers of a Conscious Mind 1984 by George Orwell Essay1406 Words   |  6 Pagesare hungry for power, and desire to be in a position that is exceedingly high above the rest. This is the general ideology of the Party, the supreme and ruling government in the legendary narrative 1984, written by George Orwell. 1984 is a dystopian, science fiction novel that is set during the year 1984 in the superstate of Oceania. In a malevolent world of continuous warfare, relentless government scrutiny, and constant human manipulation, the story revolves around a man named Winston Smith, a citizenRead MoreSymbols, Symbolism, By George Orwell971 Words   |  4 PagesAuthors add symbolism to literature because some works can seem dry and boring for readers to read. Symbolism is the use of a symbol to represent ideas or qualities in literature (Symbolism). Using symbolism in a novel allows the author to add depth and meaning to their w ork. Symbolism forces the reader to stay engaged through the entirety of the novel in order to make connections and figure out the true meaning of the symbol. It also allows the author to represent a really complex idea withRead MoreAnimal Farm, 1984 and John F. Kennedy503 Words   |  2 Pagesopinions. John F. Kennedy has a great percipience of life and mankind; if you follow others, you are doing only what others want, therefore you impede your own growth. Throughout Animal Farm and 1984 both by George Orwell, this is seen by the use of motifs, characterization and symbolism. In Animal Farm, George Orwell uses motifs and characterization to demonstrate how conformity can take ones freedom away and stop them from expressing their own ideas. The â€Å"Beasts of England† song is a great example of

Social Media Resources For Bonini Caffe †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Social Media Resources For Bonini Caffe. Answer: Introduction: Social media platforms as understood by the authors Siamagka, Christodoulides, Michaelidou and Valvi (2015) are the modern ways of interacting with the near dear ones personally or the customers in professional business. The authors Siamagka et al. (2015) probably meant by stating the fact that the different social media resources have now become a compulsory practice for both the personal and the professional reasons. It can be used to enhance the individual's social appeal by interacting with the near and the dear ones. This can also be used to present a much transparent and a detailed picture of the organization to its target audience. In this study, the learner has picked up an organization which is based in Italy and is specialized in offering tasteful coffees to customers. The company in Italy and in some other parts of the world as well is known as Bonini Caffe (Caffebonini.com 2018). It is a family-run business that with its extensive experimental efforts has now widely recognized as an organization that never fails to deliver the best. They have been able to deliver the best because of few facts such as the product selection and a high-quality standard of customer service (Caffebonini.com 2018). The assignment is purposefully based on identifying the suitable social media platforms which can further the business of the case study organization. In addition, the study also discusses, in general, the various media resources that are commonly being used by the common people and the business organizations in countries across the globe. Most importantly, the study is being expected to deliver the knowledge about the use of the several social media tools in the modern day business. The industry profile of the business organization that you have chosen and its product(s) and/or services The chosen business organization with its extensive business strategy has been an emerging name in Italy and the few other countries across the globe. There have been few reasons behind an exhilarating success of the company. Few of such reasons are the excellent price for products and the high-quality standards in service (Caffebonini.com 2018). The secret behind the high quality is a smart use of the best coffee beans that are derived from the two widely-known mixtures Arabica and Robusta. Arabica is fragrant and sweet while Robusta is decisive more substantial. Additionally, they are also expertise in blending, the stage which is widely known as the real art of the Bonini Company (Caffebonini.com 2018). The blending process which has been a success secret for the company is the result of the old age recipes. Such ancient recipes were being handed over by the roaster which later on had been taken care by the companys coffee Sommeliers in order to ensure the quality and the maximum flavor to customers (Caffebonini.com 2018). The intention of the Boninis Company is very clear which is to provide its customers the moments of pleasure by providing them a coffee that never fails to deliver (Caffebonini.com 2018). The success of the company is not only limited to the high-quality services it offers to customers but, it is also because of many other reasons as well like the acknowledgments both from the customer ends and from the large-scale retailers (Caffebonini.com 2018). Interestingly, they have been able to deliver the best in quality service while offering the very competitive products and the shipping prices (Caffebonini.com 2018). However, the study is intended to find the benefits of using the different social media platforms which could be highly profitable given the reputation Bonini has. The need to study the few media resources is essential today because a continued conversation with customers in nowadays is very much important. Such a conversation is required as it helps to enhance the customers trust on the company and also helps to take it to the international platform while being confined just to the national circle. Analysis: Identify and analyze different social media in general and their specific importance to the selected business ensuring that you cover marketing, consumer feedback, management information, internal communication and any other uses that you consider important Identifying the different social media platforms and the relevant importance: Social media platforms can be divided into various types like as follows: Social networks- Social networks like Facebook, Twitter, and LinkedIn in the organizational context can be used for an endless list of purposes like market research, lead generation, brand awareness, customer service, relationship building and several others (Guesalaga 2016). Social networks can help organizations like Bonini to connect with customers online to exchange its views on the ideas and the relevant information (Guesalaga 2016). Twitter is a way to interact with customers possibly like a live chat. On the other hand, Facebook helps to manage the relationship with customers. Both serve the different purposes; however, all are important to produce a notable image in the market (Guesalaga 2016). LinkedIn is another way of interacting with people; however, it facilitates a professional exchange of information both at the organizational and at the personal levels (Guesalaga 2016). Nevertheless, the contemporary world is being dominated by an extensive use of mobile phones which is also why the d ifferent social sites are now much in use (Guesalaga 2016). Media sharing networks- This is another very useful platform where media, especially in the form of videos, can be shared to make it viewable to a mass audience base. It includes the social sites like the Instagram and the YouTube (Pfeffer, Zorbach and Carley 2014). Instagram is a platform where videos and images can be uploaded. Moreover, users can also add captions to such videos and photos to make it look different and appealing (Pfeffer, Zorbach and Carley 2014). YouTube, on the other hand, can be extensively used for uploading small or large size videos containing the information edited by its users (Pfeffer, Zorbach and Carley 2014). YouTube is one of the highly visited platforms in nowadays. Millions of users throng to the site to check their relevant videos (Pfeffer, Zorbach and Carley 2014). Consumer review networks- These are the social sites which customers use to find, review and share the relevant information related to products and services belonging to the various industry profiles like restaurants, Smartphone, travel destinations, electronic gadgets and the others (Kumar et al. 2016). Positive reviews state the success that the product or the service has received from its target audience while the negative reviews ring an alarming bell for the respective company to have a look on the issue whether it is genuine (Kumar et al. 2016). Moreover, an organization in such context will be needed to do the needful to show an utmost revert to the customer's escalation (Kumar et al. 2016). Examples of such platforms include but are not limited to like Zomato, TripAdvisor and Yelp (Kumar et al. 2016). Discussion forums- This is one of the oldest forms of social media which can be used to find share the information the news and for monitoring the opinions (Dijkmans, Kerkhof and Beukeboom 2015). This is a traditional media but an excellent resource for market research (Dijkmans, Kerkhof and Beukeboom 2015). This can also be utilized for doing advertisements but required cares will be needed in order to keep it separate from the posts (Dijkmans, Kerkhof and Beukeboom 2015). Examples of discussion forums include but are not limited to like Quora, Reddit, and Digg (Dijkmans, Kerkhof and Beukeboom 2015). Blogging networks- WordPress, Tumblr, and Medium are some of the examples of blogging sites (Razmerita, Kirchner and Nabeth 2014). This helps to establish content marketing which can be the highly effective ways of interacting with the target audience, generate leads sales and building the brand (Razmerita, Kirchner and Nabeth 2014). Using this platform, organizations can publish the desired information that may be regarding the organization itself or any other useful matter in an attractive way (Razmerita, Kirchner and Nabeth 2014). WordPress is a more traditional form of blogging while Tumblr offers the microblogging services (Razmerita, Kirchner and Nabeth 2014). On the other hand, an interactive social publishing can be facilitated through the Medium. Blogging networks are truly helpful in generating an engaging content which can be used as a promotion strategy (Razmerita, Kirchner and Nabeth 2014). Social shopping networks- These are the social sites that are being used to spot the trends, share great finds, make purchases and follow the brands (Paniagua and Sapena 2014). Using this platform, brands can enhance the product or service related awareness, can make audience engaged to its products or services and can also facilitate the sale of products through the new channels (Paniagua and Sapena 2014). Social shopping networks support the e-commerce platform by adding a social element to it. The platform offers a focused integration between the social and the shopping experience (Paniagua and Sapena 2014). Few of the examples of the platform include like Etsy, Polyvore, and Fancy (Paniagua and Sapena 2014). Specific importance to the chosen business: Each day, the various coffee shops do their best to offer a taste that does not fail to deliver. For many of the people around the world, it works as a resource that fuels the day and helps people to start on the right note. This is pretty much clear from the fact that coffee has been viewed as a booster that not only energizes the body but also makes such things happen (McLellan, Caldwell and Lieberman 2016). Building a social relationship with both the existing customers and the target audience is utterly important for attaining a sustained business. Social media has now major roles in making the conversation much smoother between clients and the customers. The fact is quite evident from a fact that millions of common people use Smartphone. A significant population of such numbers uses Smartphone for being updated with the news, gossips, blogs, useful contents and company-specific information (Parveen, Jaafar and Ainin 2015). In context to the case study organization Bonini Caffe, the various types of social media platforms can be extensively used for establishing a deeper relationship with the target audience, to enhance the brand awareness and to elevate the customers trust on the brand. Various social sites like Facebook Twitter and the social media such as blogging networks, discussion forums consumer review networks can be used to enhance the relationship with customers (Ngai et al. 2015). Facebook will allow knowing how much the customers have loved their services and products. Twitter will facilitate a kind of live chat where themanagement team of Bonini and the worldwide customers can establish a very close relationship with each other through chat service (Ngai et al. 2015). Blogging network can prove to be a very effective way for the Bonini Company as this will help them go beyond the website content and explore a very different world of engaging contents to the target customers (Ngai et al. 2015). Discussion forums are another effective way of interacting with the customers. Bonini Caffe will be able to showcase the planned contents to their target audience. Additionally, the company will also be able to highlight some rare characteristics of it through the various discussion forums like Quora (Ainin et al. 2015). Consumer review networks like Zomato will assist Bonini Caffe in showcasing their positive reviews. Such reviews will help customers know about the company and its positive aspects. Moreover, they might feel like being a part of the company by using its products and services. In addition to this, Bonini will be able to track or monitor the market values of its products or services in regards to customers responses (Ainin et al. 2015). YouTube is an emerging platform where videos are shared to catch the attention of the worldwide customers. The use of YouTube will be highly advised to the Bonini Caffe as this will allow uploading the self-created videos containing the various relevant organizational contents like how they prepare the coffee and treat the customers (Hassan, Nadzim, and Shiratuddin 2015). However, the use of social sites and the other mediums should not coincide with the on shop business of the Bonini Company. An ineffectivemanagement of social activities may also hamper the productivity (Go and You 2016). To avoid such fears, Bonini Caffe needs to consider the following recommended strategies: Picking up the most appropriate social mediums- It is better to be confined to just a few very effective social mediums than being available to all the mediums and consequently, lose the effectiveness. For the case study organization Bonini Caffe, Facebook, Twitter, Discussion Forums such as Quora, Blogging Networks, YouTube and Consumer Review Networks like Zomato and YouTube will be advised (Valentini 2015). Making up a routine time for social activities- It is necessary to fix a time span for the various social media activities. This will help Bonini to facilitate usual services without any interruption and also conduct the social activities at its assigned time (Valentini 2015). Advertising the profiles- Bonini will probably have a very first experience of using the ample social media. This is why it is advisable that the company does proper advertisement of its new activities (Valentini 2015). For example, to make its presence felt at the Facebook page, it should paste a hard copy detailing the scheduled activity on Facebook in the different parts of the coffee shop. Places like near the food case or any other places which are observable to customers. Conclusion: To conclude, Bonini Caffe needs to identify the most appropriate social media resources for its business. Few of the strategies have been recommended in this study; however, it entirely depends on the companysmanagement in regards to the selection of the social media resources. The social media activities will yield better results if those are managed properly. To a company like Bonini Caffe, it is very important that it takes its uniqueness to the next level which is to explore its uniqueness at the different social media resources. There is just the need of using a right mixture of ancient tradition such as the recipes of blending and the modern ways of social activities like the various social media sites. The company, however, needs to follow the recommended strategies or many others like that in context to an effective management of the social activities. This is indeed necessary to prevent any damage done to the usual daily routine or else this may leave a bad impact on the bra nd on customers. References: Ainin, S., Parveen, F., Moghavvemi, S., Jaafar, N.I. and Mohd Shuib, N.L., 2015. Factors influencing the use of social media by SMEs and its performance outcomes.Industrial Management Data Systems,115(3), pp.570-588. Caffebonini.com. 2018.Caff bonini S.r.l Company - Caff Bonini S.r.l. - US. [online] Available at: https://www.caffebonini.com/about-us/ [Accessed 14 Feb. 2018]. Dijkmans, C., Kerkhof, P. and Beukeboom, C.J., 2015. A stage to engage: Social media use and corporate reputation.Tourism Management,47, pp.58-67. Go, E. and You, K.H., 2016. But not all social media are the same: Analyzing organizations social media usage patterns.Telematics and Informatics,33(1), pp.176-186. Guesalaga, R., 2016. The use of social media in sales: Individual and organizational antecedents, and the role of customer engagement in social media.Industrial Marketing Management,54, pp.71-79. Hassan, S., Nadzim, S.Z.A. and Shiratuddin, N., 2015. Strategic use of social media for small business based on the AIDA model.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,172, pp.262-269. Kumar, A., Bezawada, R., Rishika, R., Janakiraman, R. and Kannan, P.K., 2016. From social to sale: The effects of firm-generated content in social media on customer behavior.Journal of Marketing,80(1), pp.7-25. McLellan, T.M., Caldwell, J.A. and Lieberman, H.R., 2016. A review of caffeines effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,71, pp.294-312. Ngai, E.W., Moon, K.L.K., Lam, S.S., Chin, E.S. and Tao, S.S., 2015. Social media models, technologies, and applications: an academic review and case study.Industrial Management Data Systems,115(5), pp.769-802. Paniagua, J. and Sapena, J., 2014. Business performance and social media: Love or hate?.Business horizons,57(6), pp.719-728. Parveen, F., Jaafar, N.I. and Ainin, S., 2015. Social media usage and organizational performance: Reflections of Malaysian social media managers.Telematics and Informatics,32(1), pp.67-78. Pfeffer, J., Zorbach, T. and Carley, K.M., 2014. Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks.Journal of Marketing Communications,20(1-2), pp.117-128. Razmerita, L., Kirchner, K. and Nabeth, T., 2014. Social media in organizations: leveraging personal and collective knowledge processes.Journal of Organizational Computing and Electronic Commerce,24(1), pp.74-93. Siamagka, N.T., Christodoulides, G., Michaelidou, N. and Valvi, A., 2015. Determinants of social media adoption by B2B organizations.Industrial Marketing Management,51, pp.89-99. Valentini, C., 2015. Is using social media good for the public relations profession? A critical reflection.Public Relations Review,41(2), pp.170-177.

The Concept of Senate and the House of Representatives in American Government

The Senate and the House of Representatives forms the U.S. Congress. Article one of the Constitution establishes the powers and unique composition of the Senate. After examining the nature of representation and democracy, it is agreeable that all the people need equal representation and provision of equal rights (Caro 23).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Senate and the House of Representatives in American Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the elections of Senators in different state, the majority rule is usually applied. However, this seems to affect the democratic position of the country and equal representation. In addition, some States have lesser populations compared to others. For example, the state of New York has a population of 19.5 million people while the State of South Dakota has 0.82 million people. With each state producing only two senators, it is notable that the peo ple are not equally represented going by the state population margins. As a nation, we all have the right to vote, equal representation, and ability to practice our liberties as the citizens of a free nation. What this means is that the people of the United States need equal representation under the current constitution. While most of Articles and amendments on the American Constitution are effective towards equal representation, I want to state here that the current Upper House does not fulfill these rights to the people of the land. That being the case, it would be right to amend the constitution in order to have a good Senate that represents the people of the country in an equal manner (Caro 73). I would like to base my arguments for this paper on several issues: the nature of representation, the ability to address the needs of the people, the issue of majority vote, the senatorial term, the filibuster, and the election of Senators in the country.Advertising Looking for essa y on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As provided under the current constitution, the Senate fails to offer the right support to the people with some states with large populations having only two senators (Caro 54). There is need to consider the number of senators from every state based on the population. This is the best approach to have equal opportunities and representation for all the citizens. From the above issue, it is agreeable there is the need to amend the American Constitution, especially Article one towards better representation. Given the opportunity to amend the constitution, definitely I would consider having a new pattern for the senate to promote the issues affecting our people. With the necessary amendments in place, the Upper House will have the right number of senators based on the population they represent. This means that the house will make the needs of the citizens a priority (Caro 56). The other consideration is to have the Senatorial term reduced to four years. This will coincide with the elections for the House of Representatives. By so doing, the Congress will come in place at the same time to ensure policy implementations and ideas are meaningful towards promoting economic growth. The Congress will also address the needs of the citizens equally. The entire Senate will be coming up for election at the same time. The current two-year elections are inappropriate because the idea does not bring in the house new people and ideas. As well, the new approach will ensure equal representation of the people (Caro 76). With the elections taking place at the same period, the people will be able to make proper decisions and put in place the right leaders whose ideas match with those of the Lower House. This will make it easier to have the needs of the people met within a shorter period.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Concept of Senate and the House of Repr esentatives in American Government specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For very many years, the Upper House has rejected debates and bills that could have transformed the lives of the people. This has resulted from what the senate calls the filibuster. This is a tactic put in place by the Senate to continue defeating motions and bills in the house. The house achieves this by prolonging the motions and debates indefinitely. When the senate invokes a cloture, the filibuster ends indefinitely (Caro 78). Currently, some positive motions and bills remain prolonged because a two-thirds majority is always required. Some constitutional experts have indicated that the tactic is ineffective because it does not allow the senate to consider some bills and debates by prolonging debates. It would therefore be necessary to amend the current constitution and have a better Senate that addresses the above issues. When these changes are in place, the Senat e will be able to practice its constitutional right to monitor and check the functions of the Lower House, and the federal government (Caro 82). It will be able to offer the best advice to the government and consent to treaties in an effective manner. With a reformed Upper House and its representation, the people of the United Sates will have better representation and achieve economic development. In conclusion, I would propose the above amendments and changes to promote the dignity of the Senate and ensure it represents the rights and minds of the citizens. Works Cited Caro, Robert. Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson III. New York: Random House, 2002. Print.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This essay on The Concept of Senate and the House of Representatives in American Government was written and submitted by user Jorge Winters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Influential High School Novels Essays

Influential High School Novels Essays Influential High School Novels Essay Influential High School Novels Essay Essay Topic: 7th Grade 9th Grade High School The Giver When I was in 7th grade, I read a book that completely changed my perspective on todays society. The same thing happened to me when I was in 9th grade. Two completely different books, the Giver and To Kill a Mockingbird both showed me different sides of life, one set in the far future, and one set in the far past. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee teaches us many lessons that are still relevant today and will be for all of the time. The Giver, by Lois Lowry, does the same but in a different way. Something very common that both books share is the fact that they both are banned from numerous schools due to language, violence, religious viewpoints, or just being unsuited to the assigned age group. To Kill a Mockingbird is so important for our children, and their children, and many more future generations, simply because of the lessons taught from the story. The writing isn’t the best, and the story certainly isn’t anything to behold, but the things that Jem, Scout, and Atticus teach us will always be very insightful, and show us concepts we may miss out on today. Jem teaches us how growing up is quite awful, and he does this by losing all sense of his innocence during tom Robinson’s trial. Jem seeing an innocent man convicted really hurts him, and forces him to grow up in a way no child really should. Scout still has a bit by the end of the novel, and she shows us how that is something we need to cherish and not take for granted, ever. Atticus teaches us about standing up for what’s right and how our beliefs, no matter how small, are so important. These three influential characters have showed me how I’ve been shaped by what I stand by. My c hildhood innocence, in a way, still remains, though alarge portion of it is gone. We lose our innocence through experience, and the best teacher for that lesson is Jem Finch. He shows us how we may think we know a lot about people and things, but we really don’t until we’ve experien

International Human Resource Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

International Human Resource Management - Essay Example Competent and highly skilled workers are necessary. Above all, the corporation must be sensitive to the culture of peoples where it is operating as well as the culture of people they are serving. This is an essay that will explicate international human resource management (IHRM) from the theoretical vantage of culture to determine strategic performance management and its competitive advantage amid contextual changes. The researcher will also explicate culture within the context of diversity in relation to IHRM amid challenges in international business operations, citing Marrriot International Inc., as an example. But before going further, it’s necessary to first define some relevant terminologies that is thematically used in this study. International refers to a scope of affairs that is involving two or more countries. Human resource management, on the other hand, refers to a system relating to hiring or employing, training, designating, performance managing and appraising emp loyees’ performance (Jackson, Lafasto, Schultz, and Kelly, 1992). Culture also refers to beliefs, values and customs that are integral and are influential in their decision-makings, style of leadership and on how relations are managed (Pettigrew, 1979). Internal and external conditions are maybe influential to person’s emotional and psychological make up but its culture that molded persons’ perceptions, behaviors, organizational management, working relations and evening systems of operations (Pettigrew, 1979). Like external and internal environments, culture is undergoing continual change. HR policies and procedures therefore must be adjusted to cope with this change. Human Resource Management and Diversity Armstrong (2006) explained that human resource relate to management’s system where workers perform tasks to contribute to the achievement of corporation’s goals by employing persons, enhancing their skills, maximizing their capacities in exchang e for just compensation for services rendered. Managers value performance and evaluate worker’s performance based on corporate standards as part of career development and employ coaching or feedback mechanism for the improvement of performance (Schneier and Beatty, 1979). HRM is essential in corporation's growth and in retaining competitive advantage thus, the need to capitalize superior human resource management. Consequentially, the increasing demand require High Performance Work Practices by ensuring that workers are hired through criteria of procedures; with compensation and incentives based on performance standards. It also encourage or mandate labor forces participation in production and decision-making as well as provide them skills to enhance their knowledge, abilities to improve their motivation (Delaney and Huselid, 1996). Thus, companies must have standard to manage worker’s performance to contribute quality results for the organization (Lingle and Schiemann , 1996: 56-61; de Waal and Coevert, 2007: 317-416) that measures efficiency and effectiveness of workers. It also involved managing organization, administering of personnel, management to manpower. The system fundamentally consider that HR works to meet needs and goals but also

Egyptian women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Egyptian women - Essay Example Violence against women in such an atmosphere is very common. Among the identified types of violence that women are subjected to include, physical, sexual, psychological and economic violence. Due to the response, a woman gets in such a society to the violence she faces, often violence goes unreported. Denial and social taboo also become a hindrance in a woman being able to seek help for any violence committed against her. However, the situation is not completely bleak and there are, for example, shelter, medical and legal assistance, witness protection and housing etcetera. When women were granted the right to khula in Egypt in 2000, the media gave it extremely negative coverage. However, other more recent laws that are in the same vein have received a more positive response. For example, in 2009 the media gave extremely supportive coverage to a law penalizing sexual assault. The main stakeholders and catalysts in Egypt concerned with the treatment of women and their rights are gover nment and women’s NGOs. They combine regularly with international entities in the same interest, like the United Nations in an effort to provide financial support for the projects they have started to help Egyptian women. (Dawoud, Aliaa, 2011).The development of the intellectual struggle for women’s rights in Egypt can paradoxically be attributed to male modernist reformers. Women’s contributions to the issue have encouraged debate on social issues related to the man issue of gender discrimination.

The Impact of Assistive Technologies as Learning and Teaching Essay Example for Free

The Impact of Assistive Technologies as Learning and Teaching Essay Traditional classrooms in which the teacher delivered content by standing before a class of students, patiently waiting to be filled, much like empty vessels, have long been noted for their inherent shortfalls in meeting the cognitive and developmental needs of each of the range of students in their care. Research has proven that such methods do not work effectively to the benefit of all learners in a classroom because each learner has specific cognitive needs that may not be met in such a situation. Theorists as recent as Howard Gardner with his multiple intelligence theory in 1989 have emphasized the point that no two children learn in the same. The implication of this is that the teacher has to incorporate a variety of teaching strategies, tools, aids and other facilities in the classroom in order to provide the students with the best possible learning environment. Moreover the challenges that students with disabilities face are in themselves several, thus it is an added strain for them to attempt to cope with traditional teaching and learning methodology. For each child in the general education system, but even more so for these special learners, instructional modes have to be adjusted to cater for the specific needs of each learner if the overall curriculum goals are to be achieved. The use of Assistive Technologies (AT) in the classroom contributes to improvements in the performance and motivation of students across subject areas. Assistive Technology refers to the range of equipment and products that a teacher can introduce to the teaching learning situation as a means of improving the capabilities of students with disabilities. Such technologies are numerous. Non electronic equipment such as picture and alphabet boards, as well as light pointers, can be introduced to the special needs classroom (Beck, 2002). Technological advancements have facilitated the development of a number of software packages that can be used to supplement the resources that the teacher already uses in the classroom. Speech synthesis and voice recognition software and other subject specific software that have been created for use in the classroom are useful tools that have the potential, when used appropriately and effectively to enhance the classroom environment. In this paper reference will be made to several specific researches that have examined the usefulness of Assistive Technologies in the general education classroom. Since most of the research was necessarily specific to students with special needs, they bear considerable relevance to meeting the needs of these specific students. The findings could, however, be easily used in a multicultural classroom where learners are of varying physical and cognitive abilities even if their disabilities are not extensive. Armed with the knowledge of these assistive technologies teachers have the potential to transform their classrooms into an environment that caters for the specific needs of all students, whether those needs come in the form of physical disabilities, cognitive, social, psychological or other peculiar needs. In this paper a number of researches conducted on the impact of the use of assistive technology in the classroom would be presented. The research discussed initially will highlight how in one classroom a teacher created material with the aid of several assistive technology tools and demonstrate the endless possibilities for their usage in the classroom. A further research will be more specific to the advantages of using individual personal computers in the classroom. Further research will demonstrate how this tool and other assistive technology, used along with other medium can improve learners’ literacy (reading, writing and speaking) and numeracy (geometry) skills. Additional research into the tools introduced into the classroom for two other specific subject areas (social studies and environmental science) will be discussed. The result of examining these researches will show that the use of assistive technology in the classroom does in fact contribute significantly to improvements in learners’ performance and motivation. The research that Beck (2002) discusses follows the progress of three-year-old students in the Preschool Education Program. The ten students observed in this case study demonstrated various physical and cognitive shortcomings. Multiple assistive technologies were used to help develop the literacy skills of these students and allowed them to participate in different learning activities eventually leading to improved performance (Beck, 2002). Beck (2002) argues that students with disabilities have more difficulty meeting their goals in literacy skills than other students in the general education system. To facilitate easier interaction in the classroom specific assistive technology tools were created and employed by the classroom teacher. One of the first daily classroom activities is modified using a piece of software a picture communication schedule. This shows the students a picture and written text of its meaning. This approach facilitated student’s reading as they were able to associate the words with the object depicted. The second type of assistive technology was implemented at the language learning center.   Class books for reading were modified and recreated into story boards. These story boards were placed in the classroom. Students could independently follow the book by examining the pictures created to match specific words. The creation of the picture boards was facilitated through the computer software Overlay Maker (Beck 2002). The BIGmack technology was also used. This allowed students to participate in group reading activities by replaying preprogrammed phrases from the book being read, while the rest of the class read aloud (Beck, 2002). Additionally through the use of Intellipics the teacher recreated stories from the class book by using pictures that include sound and animation when selected. Students were permitted five-minute rotations at a computer to practice recognition and reading independently as facilitated by the Intellipics program. Beck (2002) gives a broad assessment of students’ attitude and performance prior to using these technologies. She notes that before, students were not engaged effectively in the reading corner as they just browsed through books, making little attempt to read the pages. She observed that improved interest in reading is the most significant and pleasing result of the introduction of the assistive technologies. The success of the introduction of these equipments in the classroom, though not overly extensive is, nevertheless, informative. Evaluation of the effectiveness of the use of assistive technology in this classroom was done primarily in the form of observations, checklists and informal teacher observations. Following a rubric, students were rated on their ability to activate the switch on the BIGMack when appropriate, their ability to name and identify a picture symbol or point to a picture after hearing its corresponding word. The results showed that approximately 90% of the students activated the BIGMack switch and 80% were able to satisfactorily match picture to word. A similar 80% of students were able to correctly name the picture symbols (Beck, 2002). This clearly shows a significant improvement in student performance when the assistive technology was used. Though these observations were not very scientific they still give a good impression. Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) has become an important element in today’s classroom environment. This type of instruction is becoming a significant assistive technology tool when enhancing student learning in various subject areas. It must here be noted that most schools in the United States have a form of CAI in the classroom. The article presented by Boling Martin (2002), sought to determine the effects of CAI on the development of vocabulary on 21 first grade students from a mid-Atlantic elementary school. Ten boys and eleven girls were involved in this six week study. These students were determined to be of a low socio-economic status and had limited exposure to educational experiences outside the school. They were also of mixed ethnicity, thirteen (13) Caucasians, six (6) African-Americans, one (1) Hispanic and (1) Pakistani. The study randomly assigned students to one of two groups. One group the control group, had 10 students and the experimental group had 11 students. All students continued to receive regular reading vocabulary instruction by their teachers. During their assigned 20 minute drop everything and read (DEAR) program both groups read a total seven pre-selected stories. In the control group the story was first read to the students by the teacher, next they listened to it on tape while following in the story book, and finally they were permitted to read any preferred printed literature after the first two tasks were completed. The experimental group used a computerized story board to explore the story first with each student having access to a computer, mouse, keyboard and headphones. Students would read and follow a story independently and where unfamiliar words were met, a click on the word would give its pronunciation. The program used in this study was the WiggleWorks software that offered literacy curriculum based on a combination of speech, sounds, graphics, text and other features.   Students were also able to create word banks by clicking on a plus sign and later develop their own stories or sentences using those words (Boling Martin, 2002). Determining the success of one method over the other was dependent on the students’ performance on vocabulary tests administered before and after the commencement of the study, regardless of the assistive technology used. The results were examined using both pairs of tests. The results showed significant positive effect for both groups but students using the assistive technology software showed greater improvement in their ability to remember more vocabulary words. According to Boling Martin (2002), the experimental group gained significantly as reflected in the difference between the mean scores for the pre test 3.7 and the post test 16.9. Overall the experimental group benefited to a larger extent than the control group. The use of the computer in the learning corners in the Preschool Education program and the Computer Assisted-Instruction testify to the immutable usefulness of this piece of equipment – the computer in the classroom. Acknowledging this fact several laptop immersion programs have been initiated in a number of states across the U.S. including Maine, California, and South Carolina. The Microsoft Corporation caught on to this program in 1996. Report from these immersion programs has suggested that the incorporation of laptops in the general education system not only led to improvements in students’ motivation but have also shown increase in students’ participation and in the rate at which they complete scheduled tasks (Bulek Demirtas, 2005). While educators have been arguing about the utility of laptops in the classroom, some people have questioned the degree to which these have contributed to improvements in student performance. A study was conducted at the Harvest Park Middle School to ascertain what specific impact the use of laptops have on students overall learning, specifically on their individual class grades, grade point average, writing skills and scores on standardized and other external exams (Bulek Demirtas, 2005). This school participates in the laptop immersion program which involves parents and students first applying and then each parent is required to purchase the laptop for his/her child.   In cases where there is economic disadvantage there is the option of a one year loan of a laptop subject to application and approval. Training in the use of the computer is provided. Subsequent to that the students use their laptops independently across their specific subject areas to perform any variety of curricula-related tasks such as researching, preparing presentations, typing essays and note-taking. The school, located in Pleasanton, California has approximately 24% of its population enrolled in the program. Their grade levels range from sixth through to eighth. A representation of Asians, Filipinos, Whites and Hispanics are enrolled in the program (Bulek Demirtas, 2005). The data collected from test results of students enrolled in the laptop immersion program as compared to those not involved, shows something pretty impressive. Five categories of grades were collected for students in the program over a three year period and these were pitted against the grades obtained by students not involved in the program. Their end-of-course grades were collected for each subject and from this their G.P.A. was calculated averaging their grades for all courses taken by each student. Grades were also gathered from the district writing assessment for the sixth and eighth graders and from the California Standards Tests. For sixth and eighth graders this test is strictly multiple choice while for the seventh graders a writing test is included. The last set of grades came from a Norm-Referenced Test in which all three grade levels were tested in spelling, language, reading, and mathematics. The data reveals significant difference in the scores received for all these assessments between students involved in the program and those who were not. In the initial year not much distinction existed between grades but subsequently the laptop users began to showed marked distinction in their grades. The grades obtained by both groups for English Language Arts and Mathematics showed laptop users had higher GPA scores than non-laptop users.   Sixth grade students had a better significant score by 37 points, seventh grade students by 36 points, and eighth grade students by 16 points. The end-of-year grades for these same subject areas showed more A scores and fewer F scores than non-laptop users (Bulek Demirtas, 2005). There was a very considerable difference at the seventh grade level where students in the immersion program had 16% more A’s than non-laptop users (Bulek Demirtas, 2005).   In the eighth grade, however, there is a slight shift in statistics, non-laptop users actually received 3% more A’s than laptop users.   Overall, 90% of students in the laptop immersion program received a letter B grade or performed better in English compared to 79% among the non-laptop users (Bulek Demirtas, 2005). In the district writing assessment for sixth and eighth graders, a higher percentage of laptop-using students met or surpassed their grade level expectations by 16% in grade six and 8% in the eighth grade (Bulek Demirtas, 2005).   The study showed that students in the laptop program scored more Solid Consistency Scores, 3, than the others. In the state mandated exam, students in the laptop program scored at or above the national average in the mathematics and language arts part of the exam for all grade levels (Bulek Dermitas, 2005).   There was considerable difference also in the mathematics sixth grade category where it showed students in the immersion program had a higher percentage by 13 points. The California assessment exam also showed a significantly higher result in the scores of the laptop users compared to the non-laptop users in all grade levels.   Bulek Demirtas (2005) reveal that the laptop users scored higher by a difference of 17% in language arts and 18% in mathematics. The results obtained from the study of the Harvest Park Middle school prove that the laptop immersion program had a positive impact on student achievement (Bulek Dermitas, 2005). The potential uses of the laptop in coordination with other software and technological tools therefore present boundless opportunities for the classroom teacher to modify technique and vary delivery strategy so as to ensure improved student performance. In a study exploring the use of a word processor for teaching the academic outcomes of students with special needs that had been tested as having writing disabilities, Hetzroni and Shrieber (2004), further add merit to the argument for the use of assistive technology in the classroom. In a case study involving three 7th grade students with writing disabilities, the computer word-processing program, when used correctly, was proven to be effective in increasing their writing scores. In this study the researchers functioned under the premise that the slow completion of classroom tasks caused by weaknesses in writing skill could be compensated with the use of assistive technology tools. Three male students, aged 12 to 13 were selected for the study based on their noted learning disabilities and even though they all showed reading scores appropriate to their required age level, it was believed that poor writing skills significantly accounted for their consistent underachievement. They were also required to demonstrate basic keyboarding competence. The study aimed to compare the percentage of spelling and reading errors present in the students work at the end of each language arts and Bible class, the amount of work completed (by examining the exact number of words written) and overall organizational quality, with and without the use of a computer equipped with word processing software. The study was carried out in the two subjects specified and was conducted on the basis of two alternating phases. Phase A (separated further into A1 and A2) covered the period when the students worked independent of the computer and word processing tool. Phase B (separated further into B1 and B2) covered the period when the students were allowed to use a portable computer. The sequence of the program was in-class observation and evaluation of each student by the invigilator under phase A1, an intermediary training session for four 45 minute sessions on basic word processing followed, phase B1 was conducted involving in-class observation and evaluation of the impact of the use of the word processing tool on each student’s performance, in phase A2 the computer was removed and students had to resort to using paper and pencil/pen and then in the final phase B2 the computer was reintroduced. The results of this study proved that the three students improved their writing skills by 5%, reading skills by 3%, organization skills by 30% and decreased errors by 50% (Hetzroni Shrieber, 2004).   There was, however, no noticeable difference in the average number of words the students were able to produce when assisted by the word processor (Hetzroni Shrieber, 2004). While the sample used in this study was very small (only three) it is still important. It goes a far way in demonstrating that, because writing difficulties can impact performance, assistive tools catered to the needs of such students could potentially yield improvements in student’s performance. Even if this is only to a small degree, any improvement in students’ performance is welcomed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Given that students who have a Learning Disability (LD) have demonstrated significant weaknesses in their writing and reading skills, probably more so than any for any other skill, the use of technology must continue to be integrated in the classroom to assist students with LD’s. In a study presented by Zhang Brooks (1993) the benefits of one particular writing assistive technology, called ROBO-Writer is examined. The purpose of this article was to study the effects of ROBO-Writer as a writing tool for students with LD’s.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The study was conducted over a three month period in a mid-western school and consisted of thirty-three students classified as having a LD. These students included twenty-three male and ten female students ranging in age from 7.7 to 13.2 years in grades 2 to 6 (Zhang Brooks, 1993).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A week prior to the commencement of the study, students were requested to hand-write freely on any topic of interest. From the papers produced, students were matched based on their mechanics, organizational quality and length and placed into groups of three and then further dispersed randomly to form three distinct groups (Zhang Brooks, 1993). The groups were assigned to use three different writing tools over the three month period. One group (MS), used Microsoft’s Word Processing, the second group (RW), used the ROBO-Writer, and the third group (CT), used the traditional paper-and-pencil writing method (Zhang Brooks, 1993).   Assessment of the merits of one method over another would be dependent on the syntactical and linguistic quality of the texts produced by the students irrespective of the particular technology used during the study period. A one-week training in their assigned technology was provided for the students in the MS and RW groups. Three assignments were given initially. All students were required to produce essays on topics of interest, written during normal assigned class writing time lasting for approximately 20 minutes, using their assigned technology. Later the students had to compose and develop a story over the course of 2 weeks using eight twenty minute sessions. A week after completing this assignment they were given a third story to produce in only 20 minutes this time. The final writing assignment was done a month afterward. For this task students spent 30 minutes writing on a specified topic. Initial observation of the students revealed that the MS and CT made little attempt to revise or edit their work before submitting while the RW group were involved in editing their work using the tools available in the software. Assessment of the written work was done by graduate students enrolled in a holistic assessment seminar. The basis of assessment was a modified rubric because the students have learning disabilities (Zhang Brooks, 1993). The results of the study show that the method used to produce the tasks had a significant influence on the overall quality of the written products. The statistical results obtained from correlation of the scores reveal that there was a considerable disparity in the average performances on the last three tasks. Without exception the students in the RW group received considerably higher scores than those in the MS or CT groups (Zhang Brooks, 1993). The above studies testify to the benefits of using assistive technology in the form of special word processing software, as opposed to traditional paper and pen methods particularly for students with learning disabilities. The research discussed by Craddock and Eng (2003) broadens the scope by demonstrating that, while assistive technology could be useful, they must be catered to the specific need of each student if they are to be effective. In a study proposing to look at how assistive technology improved students’ grades and performance, Craddock Eng (2003) provided information on how assistive technology was effectively used in the classroom with students having disabilities. The study was done over a two year period but was not confined to the classroom. Students were also observed in their interaction outside of the classroom setting.   There were forty-five students with learning disabilities that participated in the study and more than 25 individuals engaged in evaluating the students during this period of time using different forms of evaluations including formal assessment, observations, and written reports (Craddock Eng, 2003). The students were selected on the basis of their special needs. These students were lacking in assistive technology that could prove beneficial. An initial evaluation was done to assess each student’s specific need (Craddock Eng, 2003).   After evaluation and approval, each student received a specific assistive technology. The range of assistive technology provided to the students included touch screens, alternate keyboards, Reading/Writing Programs, screen enlargements, and talking processors.   Subsequently the study focused on assessing whether or not the selected technology would effectively assist or had no effect on these students’ performance. Prior performance data was obtained for each student and this later formed the basis for comparison with performance after the introduction of the assistive technology. Later on, according to Craddock Eng (2003), data was collected periodically after students were capable of using the assisted technology. After students became relatively comfortable with using the technology, they were able to use their new tools to help them improve many skills in different areas such as reading, writing, and speaking. The students were formally assessed every six weeks. Since students were using different types of assisted technology and were in different classrooms, evaluations took different forms, for example, improvement in interaction was assessed for students with speech problems as they were now able to communicate with the teacher and other students using a talking processor instead of a writing pad. Other students who couldn’t write used a Word-Processor program that allowed them to type their answer or message. The evaluation of these students did not only focus on changes in their academic performance. Certain important achievements, not capable of being formally evaluated, such as their new ability to communicate with peers and teachers as never before, were quite evident (Craddock Eng, 2003).   The findings concluded that more than two-thirds of the assisted technologies provided allowed students to work, communicate, and interact in the classroom with students and teachers.   Students using a talking processor showed improvement particularly in oral exams (Craddock Eng, 2003). Those students using a Word-Processor program were able to communicate with others and increased speed in communication by typing their message. One of the most significant improvements for these students was speed in communication and response (Craddock Eng, 2003).   Students using these technologies improved their scores by over 30% because the appropriate technology allowed them to answer correctly and freely.   However, some of the findings concluded that some students did not improve in response time or student performance using the talking processor (Craddock Eng, 2003).   Some students were able to answer rapidly but their answers were incorrect.    This concluded that even if students had the appropriate assisted technology improvements on exams was not guaranteed.   These technologies were able to facilitate and improve interaction, communication, and response time as never before.   The study concludes that, besides improvement in their grades and performance, they were also observed to be better able to interact and communicate with others (Craddock Eng 2003). Most of the researches presented so far have focused primarily on the language arts program. This may suggest that assistive technology could only be useful in helping develop language skills. This, of course, is not a true picture. Three further articles expound on research of the use of assistive technology in other subjects areas, specifically social studies, mathematics and environmental science. In Funkhouser’s (2002/2003) presentation, he points out that Mathematics software is part of the growing demand on assistive technology. A thirty six week study at a large high school aimed to ascertain if student success in geometry could be improved with the introduction of assistive technology. The study aimed to compare effects of a constructivist approach to a behaviorist instructional approach using a mathematics software program as assisted technology (Funkhouser, 2002/2003). Forty nine tenth and eleventh grade student participated in the study including both males and females. Using a normal scheduling process students were divided into two groups. One was the control group and the other was the treatment group. The control group consisted of twenty-seven students and the treatment group contained twenty-two (Funkhouser, 2002/2003). Two different learning environments were created each using different textbooks one employing a constructivist and the other a behaviorist approach.   Both groups covered the same topics. However, only the treatment group used the Geometry Supposer software as assistive technology. The pre-test and a post-test evaluation of both groups, consisting of ten questions pertaining to math attitudes, student approaches, student procedures and geometric calculations performance showed that there was significant improvement in knowledge by the treatment group by a t-test value of 2.06 (Funkhouser, 2002/2003). The results on improving student attitude were not significant between both groups. However, according to Funkhouser (2002/2003), students received significant benefits from constructivist computer-assisted instruction. This next research, discussed by Boon, Burke, Fore Spencer (2006), involves the integration of technology in an effort to enhance learning in social studies classes. The researchers attempted to assess the impact of cognitive organizers, with the integration of technology, Inspiration 6 software, on increasing content-area learning for secondary students with and without disabilities in inclusive social studies classes. There were forty-nine tenth grade students who participated in the study that lasted three weeks. From this group, twenty students were classified as having a learning disability (Boon et al 2006).   This school was located in the southeast part of the United States.   A general education teacher and two special education teachers participated in the study.   The method consisted of comparing a pretest and posttest on the result of cognitive organizers opposed to traditional textbooks. The group of students was separated into two groups classified as a control group and an experimental group. Both groups used the same textbook. In addition to the text book the control group used were involved in group activities, used guided handouts, worksheets, and video presentations. The experimental group used desktop computers, disks, guided outlines, reading materials, and Inspiration 6 software (Boon et al. 2006). The teacher in this classroom was also provided with a folder containing presentations, templates, and lesson plans.   The teacher also participated in one forty-five minute training on how to use Inspiration software.   Students in this group were also trained on using the software and creating outlines, charts, webs, using the voice converter, and converting outlines into a cognitive organizer.   This software allowed them to insert photos, sound, graphics, highlight text, change backgrounds. In the experimental group, students were introduced to a new chapter and given a pretest consisting of thirty-five questions.   Students were provided with a cognitive organizer for writing the chapter’s attributes as a class guided activity.   When students finished the chapter, they were able to input all the information they wrote in an outline on the Inspiration software.   The software allowed students to transform it into a cognitive organizer and diagram (Boon et al. 2006).   Using this cognitive organizer, students were able to study the chapter’s concepts throughout the study.   At the end, the teacher administered the posttest with the exact questions as the pretest. In the control group, the students completed the same pretest as the experimental group.   Afterwards, the students read orally as a class discussing the chapter’s concepts and later completed a ten-question worksheet to review vocabulary, people, and important events (Boon et al. 2006).   Throughout the study, students watched videos, completed group activities, and read the chapter various times.   At the end, the teacher administered the same posttest as the experimental group.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Both tests administered consisted of grading each question using points from zero to two.   The same score procedure was used for students with learning disabilities.   Ã‚   The results indicated that prior to the technology intervention no major significance in scores was found.   After the technology interference, a major difference was found as students in the experimental groups scored a mean average of 52.54 compared to the 26.84 of the control group (Boon et al. 2006). Students in the experimental group also improved their scores between the pretest and posttest by 41 points.   Overall the students who use the cognitive organizers performed better that those who just used the traditional textbook instruction. The use of cognitive organizers therefore has the potential to notably improve content-area learning for students with and without disabilities (Boon et al 2006). In the third subject-specific research Chanda, Sharonda Briers (2003) discussed how technology programs implemented in a classroom of economically disadvantage students, including disabled, enhanced their performance on the subject of Environmental Science.   The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effects of classroom strategies involving computer use on the performance of economically disadvantaged students (Chanda, Sharonda, and Briers, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The setting for this study was the Pennsylvania Middle school.   There were 311 students ranging from age 11 to 14 years (Chanda et al, 2003). The study was done using a quasi-experimental design meaning it included a pre-test, intervention, and post-test (Chanda et al., 2003).   Only 249 students were eventually analyzed because the other 62 missed one part of the design.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the pre test the researchers designed a 25 multiple choice exam consisting of questions dealing with Environmental Science, computer skills, and student demographics (Chanda et al, 2003).   The post test consisted of 49 multiple choice questions dealing with the same subjects.   Students had 30 minutes to complete the items. According to the Chanda et al. (2003), students had a 1 week intervention on Environmental Science using special software that allowed them to work in groups. Students worked in groups but were still tested individually. Students working together from two separate stations could take on the role of driver or navigator. The drivers in each group could control the computer program and all actions. The navigator’s purpose was to guide the driver in everything. The navigator would tell the driver what to click, where to go, and type all answer in the program. However, both students had to jointly decide on the answers working together to complete the assignments (Chanda et al, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The post-test data concluded that students managed to improve their performance on the post-test after the evaluation due to the program based on the driver navigator method (Chanda et al, 2003). What the article fails to detail though is an explanation or depiction of the exact numbers, percentages, or data on their improvement. The students were also evaluated on the basis of gender and this produced significant results. According to the Chanda et al. (2003), when students were grouped by different gender, the males dominated the driver part and would take over the navigator part giving them less improvement on their post test. Significantly also students in the same gender had a more significant improvement on their post-tests after following their proper roles by working together to meet the objectives in the subject areas (Chanda et al, 2003). In conclusion, the special program did enhance their performance on the specific subject areas due to its driver navigator method on doing assignments and projects (Chanda et al, 2003). In their article Cramer Smith (2002) argue that the argument for the use of technology as an assistive tool is not very convincing. While they believe that the integration of technology into the classroom, not as a substitute to the traditional instructional method, but as a way of supporting the teaching learning process is useful, they do not find that there is enough evidence to support the claims that they impact student performance extensively. In an article Cramer Smith (2002) present the findings of a study assessing the effectiveness of these new forms of learning tools. The research examined whether the use of an innovative program titled â€Å"The Movie Project† designed to improve essential literacy, oral, technology and grammar skills in a fun and exciting way makes a impact on student’s productive skills. â€Å"The Movie Project† is a unit of content delivery designed by educators that seeks to have students actively involved in the productive aspects of language. At the beginning of each school year a topic is chosen for a movie and students in groups prepare a movie script, the best one voted on in class. Between January and April the entire class works on producing an eight to ten minute movie, each student vying for positions as actors, producers, camera operators etc. To complete their movie students had access to a variety of technological tools such as camcorders and computers (Cramer Smith, 2002). The research presented by Cramer Smith (2002), compares the performance of students from two schools, one actively involved in â€Å"The Movie Project† – called the Movie Project School, and the other and the other where technology was not integrated into the teaching process – called the Traditional School. The number of participants was eighty-eight and fifty five students and three and four language arts teachers respectively. Besides their use of â€Å"The Movie Project† teachers were interviewed to discuss their use and integration of technology in various aspects of the classroom. The Movie Project School was thus identified to be the most technological rich school while the Traditional School had less access to and used technology far as an assistive tool. Writing samples were collected from a randomly selected group of students from both the Movie Project and the Traditional School. Two separate sets of writing samples were collected for each student involved. One was collected at the beginning of the year and the second was collected at the end of the year. All language arts teachers at the two schools participated in the study except one in the traditional school because no beginning-of-the-year writing samples were obtained. A total of 148 writing samples were submitted by the language arts teachers, eight were used during the standardization procedure and one had to be discarded. A writing sample represents both the beginning and the end of the year work for each student. Each student’s paper was scored on the basis of the quality of the development of ideas and how well these ideas are articulated and organized (ideas, organization and voice). For each of these three areas a separate aggregated score was produced for each grade level with the scores for the beginning and the end of the year also separated. At the beginning of the school year the average scores received for students at the Movie School for ideas, organization and voice were 2.89, 2.61 and 2.81 correspondingly with a median of 3.0 across. For the Traditional School the equivalent scores were 2.46, 2.24 and 2.30. The comparative results between beginning-of-year and end-of-year samples for each student and between the Movie School and the Traditional school did not demonstrate any significant changes. The average scores for the end-of-year samples for the Movie School were 3.2 for ideas, 2.93 for organization, and 3.19 for voice. The median was again 3.0. For the Traditional School the mean scores were now 3.28, 3.08 and 2.97 and they too had a mean of 3.0 overall.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The argument put forward by Cramer Smith (2002) is clear, there is not enough empirical evidence to conclude that assistive technology dramatically increases students’ performance. They believe that the lack of success of research into the impact of assistive technology could be because it is very difficult to measure the extent to which assistive technology as isolated factors contribute to improvements in students learning. By its very name assistive technology suggests that other traditional methods are employed in the classroom as well. Cramer Smith (2002) argue that a vast number of factors can also mitigate either for or against improvement in student’s performance with the aid of assistive technology. In the research just outlined for example, it was noted that students in the Traditional School for given more writing samples to produce as well as journaling was required at least twice per week as opposed to only once per week in the Movie School. Additionally, even though in the Traditional School computers were not as prevalent, their students used technology more often than those in the Movie School.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The conclusion is that, in order to assess the overall effectiveness of assistive technologies as opposed to the traditional method, other independent variables would have to be removed as these could obscure the results in favor of one position over the other. Too many factors are at work in the classroom for this isolation to be possible. Until such a research becomes possible teachers should not, however discount the use of these technologies in the classroom. The traditional teaching methodology is ever changing and teachers are constantly pressed to develop new ideas and strategies to meet the needs of their students. Even if there is no broad consensus on the overall impact of assistive technology, the task of determining its usefulness for individual students must be left up to the teacher. It is the teacher who interacts daily with these learners. It is the teacher who can determine whether or not changes in attitude arise from exposure to assistive technologies. It is the teacher who feels rewarded when a child’s life, even if it is only one, is shown to be positively impacted when their learning disabilities are offset by the use of assistive technologies. While some of the researches presented were not specific to the learning disabled classroom, they are still of relevance. The goal should not only be to separate the learning disabled from the main stream system, but to see how best to integrate them into the regular school system. A multicultural classroom where each student is able to function effectively in the classroom, despite whatever physical, psychological or cognitive difficulties they may have, where ethnic, gender and other differences are accommodated, is the ideal. Training in the use of assistive technology cannot be only for special education teachers. All teachers, across all grade levels, must learn to incorporate these and several other technologies in the classroom so as to create the healthiest environment for student motivation and cognitive, social, psychological, physical and other forms of development.       REFERENCES    Beck, J. (2002, Nov/Dec). Emerging Literacy Through Assistive Technology. Council for Exceptional Children, 35, 44-49. Boling, C. J., Martin, M. (2002). The Effects of Computer-Assisted Instruction on First Grade Students’ Vocabulary Development. Reading Improvement, 39, 79-88. Boon, R.T., Burke, M.D., Fore, C. Spencer, V.G. (2006). The Impact of Cognitive Organizers and Technology-Based Practices to Promote Student Success in Secondary Social Studies Classrooms for Students with Learning Disabilities. Journal of Special Education Technology, 21(1), 5-15. Bulek, J. Demirtas, H. (2005, January) Learning with technology: The Impact of Laptop Use on Student Achievement. The Journal of Technology, Learning, and Assessment, 3 (2). Chanda E., Sharonda P., Briers G. (2003) Evaluating Classroom Strategies to Enhance Performance: Using a Computer-Assisted Program. NACTA Journal, 12, 1-5. Craddock, G. Eng, B. (2003). Satisfaction in Assistive Technology Use: Factors that Impact on Students with Disabilities, Research Results. Cognitive Processing, 4, 28-39. Cramer, S. Smith, A. (2002). Technologys Impact on Student Writing at the Middle School Level. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 1-9 Funkhouser, C. (2002/2003). The Effects of Computer-Augmented Geometry Instruction on Student Performance and Attitudes. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 35(2) 163-75. Hetzroni, O., Shrieber, B. (2004). Word Processing as an Assistive Technology Tool for Enhancing Academic Outcomes of Students with Writing Disabilities in the General Classroom. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37(2), 143-154. Zhang, Y. Brooks, D. (1993). The Holistic Quality of Texts Created by Elementary Students with Learning Disabilities is Improved when Appropriate Computer-Based Software is Employed as the Writing Tool. Retrieved November 2, 2006, from http://dwb.unl.edu/Diss/YZhang/YZDissPaper.html